ABSTRACT: Steve Miller, leader of the Multimedia workshop, will discuss the economic & technology drivers which will enable cars to average 56mpg. Required technologies are BOTH electrical (batteries), and mechanical (new engines, transmissions, and lighter materials). Old Lead-Acid batteries were replaced by NickelMetalHydrid batteries, incorporated into hybrid cars. NMHydride is being replaced by varieties of Lithium Ion batteries in plug-in hybrids.

Battery-powered cars (no IC engine) are being researched and built (at great cost); I believe these will have limited success until/if the invention of new, lower-cost, safe, low societal cost/emissions batteries.

Plug-in hybrids appear to be the longer term winner with lowest cost, and lowest life cycle environmental costs. Demonstrations will follow: Toyota Camry (Hybrid), Toyota Prius (hybrid), and Chevy Volt (plug-in hybrid) .

How is this related to computers? Chevy Volt has ~100 embedded computers. Computers control all auto features/functions, and will become increasingly important.

TALK TIMELINE and AUDIO RECORDING (9.4MB file streaming) DRIVERS OF FUEL EFFICIENCY GOVERNMENT MANDATE: 54.5mpg CAFE mandate (source) (Corporate Avg Fuel Economy - 2025) NHTSA TIME TO PAYBACK: Price comparisons- hybrid payback time long time to breakeven (source); (source2) Drivestrains/batteries must be increasingly cheaper (source). Comparisons through 2030: (source ) INCREASING EFFICIENCY OF DRIVETRAINS: Techniques ; Volkwagon XL1 technologies Drivetrain technologies for high mpg Technologies/techniques for high mpg Drivetrain photos/descriptions 2013 International auto show) - REDUCTION IN FULL-STREAM EMISSIONS smaller plug-in hybrid has lowest overall emissions ( sec source) (pri source1 ) (pri source2) HOW DO AUTO EXECS EXPECT TO MEET CAFE MANDATE? (source)   HYBRID CAR OVERVIEW - animation ; timeline of car performance - definitions & descriptions   SALES FORECASTS Plug-in hybrids have growing demand (Feb, 2013 Chicago Auto Show) 2020 sales forecast: 58% start-stop (micro-hybrid) 1.5% hybrid; 0.6% pure electric; (sec source) (pri source) 2020 Lithium battery costs; EV batteries are 20X storage of present NMHydride hybrids. Typical 24KWh battery is presently $737/kwh ($18K); will be $447/KWh ($10K) by 2020 (source); slowly coming down (source) Lith-Ion battery supply/demand thru 2020   FUNDAMENTALS Battery comparisons to gasoline overview of micro-hybrid Ford: Lithium-Ion better than NMHydride over car lifetime CURRENT ELECTRIC CARS why automakers are rolling out electric cars; "automakers... want to be ready if battery technology makes a sudden leap forward" (source) battery comparisons photos (16) & description of battery packs consumer Reports reviews of Ford Fusion, C-MaxHybrid, (March, 2013, pages 52- 57) Consumer Reports summary of electric cars (Smart, Mitsubishi, Tesla, Fiat ) (March, 2013, pages 56, 58) Consumer Reports: hybrid owners are very satisfied Toyota Camry & Prius have many highly visible signs/messages devoted to reducing fuel consumption Nissan Leaf (full EV) cuts sale price hacking Prius (all about the battery, etc); rebuild your own battery transmission tear-down video -YouTube Prius CVT (see 27:34-28:00; 32:10-33:54)   TECHNOLOGIES & FUTURES intensive battery research: 100years ; 2008 ; Li-Ion faster charge; accurate models lead-acid batteries are 1/7th the cost of liquid-cooled lithium; 50% cost of a hybrid typical 1.5kWH battery LITHIUM BATTERY ISSUES -Battery technology limitations ; Boeing grounded by burning lithium battery ; photo; previous aircraft battery incidents; 3/2013 status ; 3/18 Boeing solution ; 3/2013 meltdown of Li-Ion batteries in 2 Mitsubishi cars Engineering Solutions: Chevy Volt has 144 plates filled with liquid coolant between the lithium-ion cells; Toyota PHV uses 42 sensors to monitor temperatures of lithium-ion batteries, plus three fans to cool the cells. Special electrical connectors to prevent against shorts inside and outside their batteries. battery management ICs to monitor performance. Li-ion is mature after 10 years of research; other battery chemistries being explored