LIFE CYCLE EMISSIONS DAMAGE
Current average US grid mix of sources of electric power
SOURCE: 2012 (&2011) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

BEV240 societal costs could be lower (100% electricity from zero emission sources) or higher (100% electricity from coal)

ELECTRIFICATION OF PASSENGER VEHICLES:

• produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions
• reduce tailpipe emissions
• reduce gasoline consumption,

BUT UPSTREAM & DOWNSTREAM AIR EMISSIONS CAUSE DAMAGES:

• greenhouse gases
• human health effects
• agricultural losses,

FACTORING IN:

• locations of vehicle tailpipes,
• power plants
• oil refineries
• vehicle and battery production facilitie
• upstream supply chain ...mines for raw material extraction.
• increased vulnerability to oil supply disruptions
• increases in world oil prices due to U.S. demand
• military spending related to oil security.

Jeremy J. Michalek, Carnegie Mellon University;
Mikhail Chester, Arizona State University; and
Constantine Samaras, RAND Corporation.